百瑞·威尔逊：

中国国际城市化发展战略研究委员会委员、英国注册景观建筑师

香港园境师协会董事、香港注册园境师

英国景观建筑师学会和香港园境师学会成员

　　百瑞先生是香港城市设计学会副会长，由他创立的百瑞隽思项目咨询有限公司在解决中国大陆和香港的城市化问题方面已有 20 余年的实践经验。

　　www.initiatives.com.hkBarry Wilson is Vice President of the Hong Kong Institute of Urban Design. His practice, Barry Wilson Project Initiatives, have been tackling urbanisation issues in Hong Kong and China for over 20 years. www.initiatives.com.hk

作者寄语

　　城市从未像现在这样复杂，多方面的问题会影响到城市建设中的理念、规划、开发、管理和老化。在时间维度下，人口聚集过程承载着社会、政治、健康、文化和经济背景。故此涉及到的社会领域包罗万象，包括社会历史学、城市社会学、建筑史和考古学，还有医疗健康与教育、城市地理学与经济学理论。

　　在这个专栏中，我将游走在世界各地，与各领域的专家、远见者、变革者一道讨论让城市生活更美好的基本要素。并在不同关键维度上，分享他们对未来城市生活的独特见解。

（百瑞·威尔逊于 2018 年 8 月深圳）

保护蒂沃利的历史遗产，安德烈·布鲁西亚蒂身兼重任

Andrea Bruciati has the profound responsibility of curating Tivoli’s ancient heritage 

　　每一位建筑师、规划师和设计师都应将自己看作是“艺术教育”永远的学生，知古通今、博采众长，无论是希腊和罗马的西方经典，古代中亚文明的帝国，还是东方的哲学、文学，抑或是中国、印度和日本的宗教传统。参观文化遗产是深入了解和学习（文化艺术）的重要途径，然而在三百年前，只有富裕阶层的后代才能够悠闲地游历在欧洲的古迹间，而这也是他们进入成年的“成人礼”。这种“毕业旅行”提供的是对古典文化遗产无以伦比的切身体验，也是了解欧洲大陆贵族及时尚礼仪社会的重要途径。相比之下，现如今许多老百姓都能经历这样的体验，我自己的“终身”旅行也于去年夏天继续，我拜访了意大利的蒂沃利，一个让诗人维吉尔（Virgil）在他的《埃涅阿斯纪》中称之为“Tibur Superbum”（拉丁语：蒂沃利的骄傲）的地方，而其历史也比罗马的历史要长得多，可追溯到公元前1215年。蒂沃利之旅是一次独具魅力的旅行，其具有的考古发现、历史、文化场所以及自然之美，与两个宏伟的别墅交相呼应，使该地大为生色：文艺复兴时期壮观的埃斯特别墅（中文又名千泉宫）和考古遗迹阿德里亚纳别墅（哈德良皇帝的别墅），都是联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录上的遗迹。此外当地还有公元前2世纪的古圣所胜利者海克力斯神庙（Hercules Victor，Maecenas's Villa），这些独特的景观，也是古时诗人、画家和富有贵族们的最爱，他们曾在19世纪的“毕业旅行”中去过那里。

　　Continuing students of ‘The Arts’, as every architect, planner and designer should consider themselves, enjoy much of their time in observation and assimilation of ideas of the past, whether that be the western classics of Greece and Rome, the empires of the ancient central Asian civilisations or the eastern philosophical, literary, and religious traditions of China, India, and Japan. Visiting cultural heritage is an essential route to deeper understanding and learning, yet three hundred years ago, only the offspring of the affluent classes were able to enjoy leisurely travel through the antiquities of Europe, this being an essential right-of-passage into adulthood. Such a “Grand Tour” provided unparalleled exposure to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity, being an essential introduction to aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent. Today, by contrast, such experiences are available to much of the public, and my own ‘life-long’ Grand Tour continued last summer with an Italian trip to Tivoli, called ‘Tibur Superbum’ by Virgil in his Aeneid, and with a much longer history than Rome’s, dating back to 1215 BC. The Tivoli Grand Tour is a charming trip through the archaeology, history, places of culture and natural beauty inextricably linked to the two magnificent villas which adorn it: the spectacular, renaissance Villa d'Este and the archaeological remains of Villa Adriana (Emperor Hadrian’s Villa), both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Along with the ancient Sanctuary of Hercules Victor (Maecenas’s Villa), a structure dating back to the 2nd century BC, the unique sceneries that emerge from this area were a favourite of poets, painters and rich aristocrats who used to go there in the 19th century during their own Grand Tours.

　　“在过去的几天里，我去了蒂沃利，我看到了大自然最初的奇迹之一。瀑布、遗迹和整个景观都属于这些，知识丰富了我们最内在的灵魂。”

J.W.歌德

　　“In the last few days I have been to Tivoli and I have seen one of the first wonders of nature. The waterfalls, the ruins and the overall landscape belong to those objects, the knowledge of which enriches our most inner souls.

J.W. Goethe

　　在这次采访中，我拜访了安德烈·布鲁西亚蒂(Andrea Bruciati)，他是联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产“Villae’”(埃斯特别墅和阿德里亚纳别墅)的负责人。他是一个真正的浪漫主义者，他的目标是既要保证文化遗产的人文特质，又要进一步激活它们，使它们成为在那里生活和工作的人们之社区脉搏。我们在采访中讨论了在遗产保护与通过招商引资来保持当地活力和机会中出现的特殊问题。

　　in this interview I meet with Andrea Bruciati, Director of the UNESCO sites that he terms the ‘Villae’ (Villa d'Este and Villa Adriana). A true romantic, his goal is to both harness the cultural quality of the heritage sites and yet further invigorate them to become the pulsating heart of the communities who live and work there. We discuss the particular problems of protecting heritage with introducing new economies to retain vitality and opportunity.  

李斯特在这里的房间创作音乐作品，而灵感也来自周围风景和埃斯特别墅喷泉

Franz Lizst composed works from these very rooms, inspired by the surrounding landscape and fountains at Villa d’Este

在埃斯特别墅有一条绿荫覆盖的小径，名为“百泉路”，目光所及之处喷泉不计其数

One Hundred Fountains water feature seen from the shade of a covered pathway at Villa d’Este

从埃斯特别墅的海王星喷泉一眼望去，恰到好处地“借景”了远处的罗马风光

The ‘borrowed view’ towards Rome in the distance viewed from Neptune’s Fountain at Villa d’Este

建筑中的自然 

　　我与安德烈的访谈安排在了在埃斯特别墅顶层他的办公室里。坐在那里，我已然“如痴如醉”了。在1865到1885年间，著名的匈牙利作曲家弗朗茨·李斯特(Franz Liszt)就是在这里一边欣赏着窗外下方花园壮观的喷泉和罗马平原(Roman Campagna)上漫长而宏伟的景色，一边创作了若干钢琴曲。或许，我就坐在他当时的座位上吧? “内部即外部”，安德烈向我强调了遗产建筑与外部空间不可分割的关系，以及建筑与自然之间的重要关系。在蒂沃利，人与景观之间的联系是深厚的，遗产建筑与城镇之间的关系也是如此。再者，对蒂沃利来说，小镇不仅与景观，还与水有着特殊的关系。水和小镇是完全融为一体的，被视为生命的源泉。水在别墅中也是重要的，但体现在不同的方面：在阿德里亚纳别墅，水具有着一种强烈的象征意义；在埃斯特别墅，水则是这里的重要特色；然而，在胜利者海克力斯神庙，水则被当作能源来利用，1886年建成的水电站第一次为整个城镇和意大利带来了电力。令人惊叹的瀑布景观成为了我这次旅行的重点，可以说水是这个城市的本质，因此具有很多“意义和价值”。没有胜利者海克力斯神庙，就不会有阿德里亚纳别墅，没有阿德里亚纳别墅，就不会有埃斯特别墅，而埃斯特别墅的水上花园与实际建筑一样重要，甚至更为重要。

NATURE IN ARCHITECTURE

　　We sit in Andrea’s office atop Villa d’Este and I am hypnotized by it. It was from here that the celebrated Hungarian composer Franz Liszt wrote several piano pieces between 1865 and 1885 whilst admiring the gardens below with their splendid water fountains and the long, majestic views out across the Roman Campagna. Perhaps I am even sitting in his very seat? Andrea stresses the inseparable relationship between the heritage buildings and the outside spaces and of the important relationships between the architecture and nature, where the inside is also the outside. The bond between man and the landscape in Tivoli is profound, as is the relationship between the heritage buildings and the town itself. But for Tivoli there is a special relationship with not just landscape but water. The town and water are in complete togetherness, the very lifeblood. Water is important in the villas but in different ways: at Villa Adriana water takes a strong symbolic form; at Villa d’Este it is the focus feature; yet at the Sanctuary of Hercules Victor, water has been harnessed as energy, where the hydropower plant established in 1886 powered the whole town with the first electricity in Italy. Stunning views of the cascades formed the focus of a visit on the Grand Tour, so water is the essential essence of the town, with “so many meanings and so many values”. Without the Sanctuary there would be no Villa Adriana, and without the Villa Adriana there would be no Villa d’Este”, who’s water gardens are as important, if not more so, than the actual building.

当地正在通过经营埃斯特别墅墙外的葡萄园，探索新商业机会

New commercial opportunities are being explored through operating the vineyards outside the walls of Villa d’Este

现代性的挑战 

　　那么，一个古镇是如何在现代世界中存在的呢? 安德烈很清楚，这紧密依赖于整个社区成为一个有价值的利益相关者，并在小镇的独特风格中获得自豪感、满足感和管理责任感。在过去，这些遗迹被看作是与该镇及其居民截然不同的独立存在。作为独立实体，在保守的管理思路下进行保护和维护，这些遗迹需要保护起来，不受城镇本身的影响。而今天，安德烈正在试图创造一种更为通透的关系，通过这种关系，使人们逐渐意识到这些遗迹对城镇居民的价值，并且让他们的社区意识更为开放。往日里，别墅和周边商铺在每周一都是关门的，现在它们会向当地居民免费开放，让他们感受到自己是城镇的一部分，并在当地社区开展活动。他认为，一旦“文化遗产”成为“他们的”遗产，人们就会越来越珍视这些遗产给他们带来的有益经济和公众参与机会。

　　改变人们的观念是联合国教科文组织促进教育、创造对话和人类团结价值观念的重要组成部分和纽带。最近，一些项目开始将遗产景观恢复为“生产景观”，重点是利用阿德里亚纳别墅的橄榄林和埃斯特别墅的葡萄园，让社区参与到生产过程中去。在这种设定下，以前被大众视为“别墅花园”的存在，现在变成了个人的、情感上的和物质上的投资，使人们更加重视所有需要珍惜的文化遗产。安德烈解释说：“虽然经济效益相对较小，但政治效益却很大。”小镇已经开始意识到这片古老土地的价值。社区需要关怀与维护，同样也需要大家的参与从而得到更好的维护。

　　“美丽和价值共存于一个非常脆弱的平台之上，社区的支持是保护这种脆弱的基本要素，就像照看一朵娇嫩的花。要完全理解这朵花的美丽，就需要我们一起去呵护它，不断地、坚持不懈地呵护它，而你必须感觉到这朵花就是你自己的花。”

　　“当你步入阿德里亚纳别墅时，你就进入了一个不同的世界，一种让你‘心领神会’的世界，一种对现实世界的别样感知。每个人都会有这样的感觉：发生在自己身上的某种‘返老还童’的感觉，而往昔和灵魂也好似触手可及。你需要能够看到、感到、听到和闻到，使用所有‘存在’的感官。这是现代技术无法做到的，而我们也不提供wifi或当下时髦的应用程序。有时年轻人无法适应这种老派风格，但它对整体体验至关重要。”

　　谈到年轻一代，我想知道蒂沃利是如何吸引人们留在那里并在那里生活，而不是为寻找更多的机会被吸引去了“大城市”？安德烈向我阐述了（他所认为的）经济应该如何发展。在战后时期，小镇主要依靠工业，没有人重视这些文化遗产的价值。即使在今天，旅游业也才刚刚开始成为当地一种重要的经济形式(镇上的酒店住宿非常少)。商业部门开始意识到了旅游业的好处。安德烈希望开发一种模式，基于一个更大的综合社区系统，包含过往所有策划和管理过的商业领域，访客们得以置身于文化遗迹中休憩与工作。“不仅仅是文化遗产，所有领域都很重要。这种模式不仅需要考虑经济，还需要考虑公民意识和自豪感，以创造一种独特的社区情感。”

THE CHALLENGES OF MODERNITY

　　So how can an ancient town exist in a modern world? Andrea is clear that it is strongly dependant on the whole community becoming a valued stakeholder and taking self-pride, gratification and feelings of stewardship in the uniqueness. In the past the heritage sites had been considered as distinct from the town and its people. These were protected and conserved as separate entities in a conservative management style. The sites needed to be defended from the town itself. Today Andrea seeks to create a more osmotic relationship, whereby there is raised awareness of the value of the sites to the townsfolk and they are more open to community consciousness. On Mondays, where previously the Villas had been closed, along with the businesses surrounding them, they are now open for free to local residents, allowing them to feel they are part of their town and generating activity in the local community where before there was none. He feels people are becoming appreciative of the beneficial economic and civic opportunities afforded to them once ‘the’ heritage becomes “their” heritage.

　　Changing the mentality of the people is the essential ingredient and ties in to the UNESCO Values of promoting education, creating dialogue and the solidarity of humanity. Recently, projects have been initiated to return the heritage landscapes to working landscapes, focused on utilising the olive groves of Villa Adriana and vineyards of Villa d’Este, with community involvement in the production process. In this case, what was previously seen by the populace to be “the Villas’ gardens” has enabled personal, emotional and physical investment that now leads to an appreciation of the entirety of the heritage needing to be treasured. “Whilst the economics are relatively small the politics are big” explains Andrea. The town has come to feel the value of the ancient lands, where the community needs to care, but needs to be involved in order to care.

　　“Beauty and value exist together on a really fragile platform, and the support of the community is the essential ingredient in protection of that fragility, like looking after a delicate flower. To fully understand the beauty, it needs to be cared for together, continually and relentlessly and you must feel the flower is your very own flower.” 

“When you enter into Villa Adriana you enter into a different world, one that puts you into a state of heightened consciousness, another perception of reality. Everyone can feel that; a certain rejuvenation of the self, in touch with the past and in touch with the soul. You need to be able to see, feel, hear and smell, use all the senses of ‘being’. This is something that cannot be done with technology and we don’t provide wifi or modern applications. Sometimes the young people cannot relate to this old style, but it is essential to the overall experience.”

在阿德里亚纳别墅，由当地社区管理的橄榄林优美静谧

The tranquillity of the community managed olive groves at Villa Adriana

　　Talking about the younger generations, I wonder how Tivoli can attract people to stay and forge their lives there, rather than be attracted to go off to the ‘big city’ for more opportunities? Andrea explains how the economies must evolve, how in the post war period the town relied primarily on its industry, nobody placed any value on the heritage assets. Even today tourism is only just starting to emerge as a serious economy (there is remarkably little hotel accommodation in the town). The commercial sector is starting to understand the benefits of tourism. Andrea wants to develop a model whereby visitors can sleep and work at the heritage sites in part of a bigger integrated community system with all the towns business aspects holistically considered and managed. “All of the parts are important, not just the heritage sites. The approach needs to look not just at economy but also civic awareness and pride in order to create a special community sensibility.”

阿德里安娜别墅的塞拉皮斯神庙宁静祥和

The tranquillity of the temple of Serapis at Villa Adriana

文化遗产的社会政治学 

　　另外我也想了解，大规模的旅游活动是否也会成为建立这种情感的阻碍？例如，过多的游客到访威尼斯，使当地居民流离失所，破坏了原有社区及其基本生活形态。安德烈说：“我们确实需要在数量和质量之间找到平衡。”尽管在他看来，蒂沃利预期的体验是完全不同的，但威尼斯模式的开发强度表明，本地居民和游客之间可能会产生冲突。他认为，为了维持小镇人口，特别是年轻一代，镇上必须创造一种别样的城市宜居性，建立在小镇自有的社区自豪感基础之上，并让人们感受到对于这些“别墅”的真实归属感和所有权。通过网络接入，规模较小的城镇可以变得格外有吸引力，科技让人们和企业即使身处异地也能保持联系，所以在小城镇生活和工作再也不是一种与世隔绝的体验了。然而，主要的吸引力应该是小镇内在高质量的生活品质；使固有生活方式的益处与新机遇相辅相成、相得益彰。安德烈最后又将我们的对话拉回到了对价值观的理解上，一个小镇可以像任何一个大城市那样重要。“它起始于与（价值观）核心息息相关的根源、文化和传统。文化遗产教育有助于展示这些价值，展示社区的包容性和发现。但这些改变必须是有机的，一步一步地、循序渐进地让人们意识到文化在他们生活中的重要性，以及什么才是确立生活质量的真正基础。”

从埃斯特别墅俯瞰罗马平原，宏伟壮观、气势磅礴

The view over the “campagna” from Villa d’Este. Pure magnificence

　　对待文化遗产，并非要把它看作一件需要保护的事物，而应当是一件值得自豪的事物，文化遗产教育与创造社区纽带在这里似乎是不言自明的要义。增加本地的工作、协作、造访和活动的机会可以转变社区意识并共担文化遗产保护责任。独特的文化遗产则成为民之所有、民之所系、民之所傲。

THE SOCIAL POLITICS OF HERITAGE 

　　I wonder if mass tourism could also be a detractor from establishing such a sensibility? Too many visitors to Venice for example have displaced the residents and destroyed the old communities and their basic life structures. “There is a definite need to balance the quantity with maintaining the quality” states Andrea. Whilst the intended experience at Tivoli is completely different in his mind, the intensity of the Venetian model has shown the conflict that can arise between locals and tourists. He feels that in order to maintain the population and particularly the younger generations, the town must create a special liveability, built on community pride in the town itself and feel the real sense of belonging and ownership of the ‘Villae’. Smaller towns can be attractive by networking together, technology has made people and business connected even when apart, so living and working in small towns need no longer be an isolated experience. The main draw however should be the high quality of life that is inherent; with the benefits of the old life supplemented by the opportunities of the new. Andrea returns to the sense of developing a sense of understanding values and that a small town can be as important as any big city once this is identified. “It starts from the roots, the culture and the traditions that are close to the heart. Heritage education can help to show those values, demonstrate inclusivity and discovery of the community. But these changes must be organic, step by step, to gently help people realise the importance of culture in their lives and what really establishes quality of life.”

　　Treating heritage, not as something to be protected but rather as something of which to be proud, to educate and to create community coherence seem to be the clear takeaways here. Increasing the local opportunities for work, collaboration, access and activities can transform the sense of community and shared responsibility for preservation. The unique heritage becomes the people’s ownership, the people’s business, the people’s pride. 

在蒂沃利，人与自然景观之间的联系是紧密深刻的，正如遗产建筑和当地小镇间的关系般

The bond between man and the landscape inTivoli is profound, as is the relationship between the heritagebuildings and the town itself